srek

On all animated objects check "Quaternion Rotation" in the Transform Tab before setting keyframes. If you don't you get an interpolated rotation that doe snot match what you expect.

This is where the topology output comes into play. If you connect it to a Polygons Topology Get node it provides the connection between a vertex and it's matching UV coordinate, as well as the UV polygons (outlines), which can be quite different from the geometry polygons. 

That looks like an Object node referencing an object that is named "Connector Spline". I can only assume it is a simple linear spline with two points, the first of which is referenced in the upper Point node and set to a constant value, while the scond point of the spline is set ito the neares point on the Spline that is connected to the Spline Object input of the Get Nearest Point on Spline node.

If you import anything new into an asset database new hashcodes will be created. But if you already have a database, why not just connect to that from the new installation? If you used the default preferences database you can create a new one in a location that is independent from your Cinema 4D installation and copy the assets you want into it. Then just connect any Cinema 4D installation to that database. There is no need to do a new import.
 

It still works the same, but in 2023 you get the primitive by default instead of the Op. Right click on the Cube node and switch it to Op mode. Alternatively you can add a Matrix Op and Color Op after the Geometry Op and feed the color and Matrix there.

Object is a reference. It tells the Sample node to use the Sound Effector as a source for data. Sample does what the name says, it picks a sample from data. The global matrix input defines where to take the sample. Sampled usually means that something huge is broken down into small usable parts. In the music industry it means that small parts of other songs are used in a new song.
You can find the term sampling again in the parameters of the Sound effector, where it tells the effector how to interpret the audio. The sample node does something similar again, but outside of the Sound Effector.

In the asset browser search for select facing. There should be only one capsule that matches. Drag it into the object manager as a child of your object.
You can use the resulting selection for modeling operations or store the selection for texturing etc.
Check the attached scene for an example.

Select Facing Demo 01.c4d

Maybe try if the Geometry Axis Capsule does the trick for you

That looks like a perfect job for two cogwheel splines with inlays in a loft.

The correct name is "Subdivide" and it is not a command but a capsule that you can find in the asset browser. Just apply it as a child to your object and enter the name of the Polygon Selection Fritz advised you to create. The name needs to be in quotes.

Try the attached scene and the Asset stored in it.

Select by Edge Length 02.c4d

The bottom geometry is a bit messed up as well, but it should work. The normals were the key to make the model work. Keep in mind that the usual slicers know nothing about volumes, the backside of a normal defines the inside of the print, thats about it.

Scene Nodes outside of capsules currently work best with Standard and Phyiscal Render. For any other renderengine i would propose switching your node setup over to a node capsule. In that case you can use the object manager and all the objects specific to any render engine without any change in your workflow.

Outputs, other than the default op or geometry, are only visible and useable within scene node graphs, not Xpresso.

You can try to get a bit more information by creating a shortcut to Start Cinema 4D and adding this commandline argument to it "g_console = true"
If you start Cinema 4D via the schortcut an extra log window will open that shows more details of the startup process. The last entry before the crash might help identifying the issue.

PPass also offers the particle index

This would be a minimal setup for the purpose of attaching a cube to particle #35

Newly Created has no object manager equivalent since it would need two different geometries to compare. However you can simply intitially store all polygons in a selection and then use first inset, then extrude with that selection.Capsule Inset Extrude 01.c4d
This would be the Scene Nodes setup

I adjusted the ranges so the angle differences become more pronounced. I also changed the animation values to emphasize what happens. Check especially between frame 49 and 68, where the rotation happens around the axis used to determine the angle resulting in no detected change. If you want to detect every change you need to set this up for all axis and combine the results.
rot_diff_0003.c4d
Here is another version that uses all three axis
rot_diff_0004.c4d
And for good measure, a version that uses all three to create RGB directly. Dark gray, no rotation, white, rotation around all axis.
rot_diff_0005.c4d

Please find attached a version that might help you. It is directly based on scene time and one second animation time equals a day. On the Xpresso tags there are scaling options.
I left out axial tilt since that would open up a whole different can of worms.
Due to numerical precision issues i had to use orbital radius values 1/10 smaller than the actual values, km is just to small to measure a solar system 😉
Hope this helps
Solar_System_0001(R14).c4d