Different tasks will be hitting your system physically in different ways. Your physics sims will be ramming 1 cpu core at 100%. Video editing will be hitting ram bandwidth, standard c4d renders will be loading up the FPU of the CPU across all cores. You can absolutely have a system that is stable for gaming and general system use which then falls over as soon as you start a c4d standard or gpu render.
eg an overclocked gpu which fails during a game might manifest as a single pixel turning the wrong colour for a moment, but if it fails during a CUDA 3d render then it kills the entire app.
Clock watchdog timing out is basically telling you that the cpu tripped over its own shoelaces whilst trying to juggle tasks across the cpu cores. This can happen if the chipset drivers arent installed and you just have the standard MS OS drivers, especially with newer high core count chips. Or it can be a more fundamental bios problem, again, most likely a newer cpu on an older motherboard bios. Or lets be honest, entirely likely overclocked too far.
You havent said which cpu this is, but these days theres very little headroom for overclocking on most cpus and gpus. Most chips are already auto overclocking themselves under the guise of turbo boost anyway. Unless you have exotic cooling in your system, the heat generated will usually be your limiting factor even without overclocks.